Big oil won’t jump into venezuela for the same reason it won’t jump into renewable energy
🇫🇷 🇬🇧 I. BIG OIL AND RENEWABLE ENERGY Big Oil is owned and controlled by big institutional investor funds. In fact, for each of the five oil majors often referred to as “Big Oil” (ExxonMobil, Chevron, TotalEnergies, Shell, BP), the controlling stock ownership is in no more than 25 of these institutional investors—not always the same funds, but with huge overlap.[1] Most of these funds (and families of funds) declare themselves to be “passive investors,” which means they supposedly don’t actively interfere in the management of the company, and supposedly robotically copy the components of an index they claim to be tracking, such as the S&P 500 (which contains the two US oil majors, ExxonMobil and Chevron, but not the others). S&P stands for Standard & Poor’s, “an American financial intelligence company that [provides] … investable indices, [such as the S&P 500] and credit ratings for companies…”[2] The “500” part of the index refers to the largest 500 US companies, not simply listed in the index, but listed by the total number of outstanding shares multiplied by their current selling price. The jargon for this is their “market capitalization.”[3] The institutional investment funds that “track” this index are set up by banks, such as JP Morgan Chase, or investment companies such as Fidelity, Blackrock, etc. Individuals or pension funds then buy these passive funds with the belief that they are then buying a slice of the entire stock market. The overwhelmingly held popular view, expressed even by major columnists on financial markets, is that the institutional fund managers are almost like stenographers taking down the dictation of the Standard & Poor’s index compilers—the popular view is that they must, based on the funds own prospectus, which is a contractual obligation to their own investors, i.e., the individuals or organizations that buy their fund, replicate their fund with the exact components and in the exact percentages as in the index. This supposedly allows the ordinary investors to buy the whole market “as is,” not as interpreted by a fund manager. So, no matter what the management of one of these 500 companies does that the fund manager thinks is bad for the holders of the fund, the fund manager supposedly can’t sell the stock. This myth simply does not square with reality; the fund managers can and do sometimes sell the shares of the individual companies in the index. The details are described in a meticulously researched, 2024, detailed analysis in the Yale Journal on Regulation, which bills itself as “The Nation’s Top-Ranked Administrative Law and Corporate Law Journal.” According to the article, “Discretionary Investing by ‘Passive’ S&P 500 Funds,” by Peter Molk and Adriana Robertson, “Common language [in the fund’s prospectus] like holding 80 % of assets in S&P 500 companies gives [passive] index funds considerable flexibility in their investment decisions.” [4] This means the tracking fund doesn’t promise, i.e., isn’t legally committed, to replicate 100 % of the S&P 500, only 80 %; they could sell the Big Oil companies (or others) and not be in violation of their contractual commitments. In other words, holders of the fund could not successfully sue the fund for misleading them by selling ExxonMobil or Chevron. On some funds, the managers have even more wiggle room. The same article notes that many funds, including major ones, use sampling to replicate the reference index : “Fidelity’s S&P 500 fund, for instance, states that “the fund may not always hold all of the same securities as the S&P 500® Index’ and that it ‘may use statistical sampling techniques to attempt to replicate the returns of the index”. This means that the fund managers’ legal, contractual, commitment is not to provide a carbon copy of the index, but to use only some of the stocks in the index to attempt to provide at least as much money, in the form of stock appreciation and dividends, as a total carbon copy of the index might provide. These two types of wiggle room (80 % and sampling) are precisely how the various funds from the rival institutions compete with each other by offering rival S&P 500 funds. How much do the holdings vary from the index? According to the article, “…even among the largest S&P 500 funds, holdings differed from the index by a total of between 1.7 % and 7.5 % in the fourth quarter of 2022.” ExxonMobil, weighted by market capitalization on the S&P 500 index constitutes 0.87 % of the index. Chevron constitutes 0.53 %.[5] Together they make up 1.4 % of the index. With these percentages, a fund manager could certainly reduce its holdings in ExxonMobil and Chevron, even sell all of their holdings in them, and still meet the proclaimed requirement of the fund. So, passive or not, the fund manager’s control still remains the implicit ability to sell the stock. They don’t sell if the company serves their purpose—to provide an adequate dividend return and maintain the stock price. The funds will keep holding the stock if they simply get their share of the “free cash flow,” defined by a common source, Investopedia, as “The cash a company generates after accounting for cash outflows to support operations and maintain its capital assets.”[6] The extra money then goes into dividends, special dividends, and stock buybacks. From Big Oil, when the companies overwhelmingly stay in oil, the funds get their money. Here’s an analysis of ExxonMobil from a common source, Investing.com : “… the 3.3 %+ dividend plus buybacks north of $20B per year create an embedded return floor… [ExxonMobil] at current levels and with current data, deserves a clear, data-backed rating : it is a BUY rather than a Hold or a Sell.”[7] This analysis illustrates why Big Oil won’t go into renewable energy in a big way; the controlling funds simply want all of their proportion of the available, extra cash. So, of course, do the hundreds of thousands of small investors, and the smaller institutional investor funds. But if some of the
Par Bell R.
14 mars 2026