A new European credit policy for the Agenda 2030 The Agenda 2030 Policy Briefs series mobilizes economists and practitioners to identify an economic and financial reform agenda to achieve the 2030 Agenda at the territorial, national and supranational levels.
1. Financialization and the rise of systemic risks It is now established that the increasing financialization of the global economy is facilitating the acceleration of our planet’s destabilization. As shown in Figure 1, a simple linear regression between global financial development (measured by the M2/GDP ratio) and kilotons of CO2 emissions displays a correlation coefficient of 0.953. Similarly, a linear regression between global stock market capitalization and CO2 emissions displays a correlation coefficient of 0.9605. These results should be interpreted in the broader context of the joint evolution of socioeconomic and bio-geophysical indicators and the disruption of the Earth System caused by the Great Industrial Acceleration (Steffen et.al, 2015). Figure 1. atmospheric CO2 emissions and global financial development, 1960-2019 (p-value 0.000) Data: World Bank, calculation by Lagoarde-Segot & Martinez (2021) Despite the climate emergency, the monetary and prudential policies followed by most Central Banks in recent years have contributed to increasing, rather than reversing, this systemic disruption dynamic. Since the 2008 financial crisis, central banks have issued reserve money (also called M0 or « monetary base ») to finance governments, companies and banks in the Eurozone, where monetary financing of States is prohibited by the ECB’s mandate. The ECB has thus allowed « zombie » companies and banks to survive; massively buying up private debts, and in the process saving investors by pooling their losses. Supporting the real economy – through credit to businesses – has been the main justification for these « quantitative easing » policies. However, the money used in economic transactions nowadays mainly takes the form of bank deposits; and as the Bank of England (2014) and the majority of money specialists point out, these bank deposits, convertible on demand into cash, are overwhelmingly created through the bank credit channel. Banks do not need initial reserves to lend to the public, since the monetary system allows them continuous access to reserve money (via the interbank market or the Central Bank’s lending facility). Under these conditions, it is not surprising to note, as Figure 1 shows, that the trillions of reserve money injected into the financial system have fueled the development of speculative bubbles, both in equities and in real estate. And even if there were a demand for financing viable projects that would allow for a compatible transition in accordance with the Paris Climate Agreement, there is nothing today to compel banks to fund those. Figure 1 Monetary basis This monetary and financial dynamic is accompanied by a sharp increase in income inequalities (e.g. poor housing for some, real estate gains for others), which has as its backdrop a rise in private debt and massive deindustrialization in many European countries. In this context of rising risks that could, in the worst case scenario, lead to the collapse of some European countries7, we call for a series of strong measures adapted to the urgency of the situation. It is a question of rapidly planning the financing of energy, health and agricultural transitions, as well as access to care and medicine, in order to rapidly reach a minimum local production for the survival of populations in these areas, and to allow the resilience of society in the face of shocks. The technical solutions most often put forward to finance this « war effort » are known. It would be necessary either to redirect savings, to direct a special « transition » money creation, to increase taxes for grey sectors, or to increase the state deficit. The ideal solution would of course be a combination of all four. In this note, however, we present a fifth avenue, discussed in detail by Lagoarde-Segot (2020). This consists of an ambitious overhaul of credit policy at the European level, based on the reintroduction of measures that have already worked in the past in a similar context, or are currently in place in other countries. Before detailing the proposed mechanisms, however, it should be emphasized that the success of any policy of ecological reconstruction is conditional on the establishment of a robust taxonomy between the « brown » sector and the « SDG-compatible » sector. In this respect, the EU taxonomy for sustainable activities, a standard developed in the framework of the European Green Deal in relation to the commitments of the 2030 Agenda, is still largely insufficient, for four main reasons. Firstly, it does not define the world and the forms of production, particularly agricultural, towards which we should aim outside of energy, transport and construction. Second, and contrary to the commitments of the 2030 Agenda, it does not take into account the social costs of the green transition, and does not give any specific interest to the most marginalized territories and populations. Thirdly, it leaves SMEs outside the scope of analysis despite their crucial role in the functioning of the European economy. Finally, it is based on concepts and legal standards that are disconnected from any scientific data. 2. New credit management indicators Assuming that a robust taxonomy has been established, Table 1 presents two simple indicators that the European Central Bank could use to redirect credit in the euro area. Table 1. Credit Framework Indicators Central Bank The first indicator measures the flow of credit to the SDG-compatible sector as a proportion of total credit. It is therefore a ratio of « green » money to « brown » money created by commercial banksannually. We propose that the value of this indicator be quickly set at 4. Thus, for a given year, banks should issue four times more credit to finance ecological and social reconstruction than to finance the actors of the « brown » sector. The second indicator measures the share of « SDG-compatible » assets (including loans issued to finance reconstruction) in banks’ balance sheets. We propose to set the value of this ratio at 4. In order to reach this target value, banks will be forced to sharply reduce financing costs for the SDG-compatible sector and increase financing costs for brown sector assets. This ambitious European credit policy would enable the production structures of the economy to be aligned with the objectives of sustainability and
Par Dupré D., Lagoarde-Segot T.
3 mai 2021